This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of hospitalizations. Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. The importance of insulin in the disease was determined in the 1920s. Diabetes was one of the first diseases ever described, dating back to an Egyptian manuscript from c. Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. Typically it begins in middle or older age, although rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people. As of 2015 there were approximately 392 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985. Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity. Bariatric surgery often improves diabetes in those who are obese. In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as through a continuous glucose monitor) is advised however, this may not be needed in those who are not on insulin therapy. Many people may eventually also require insulin injections. If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication metformin is typically recommended. Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes. Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet (high in fruits and vegetables and low in sugar and saturated fats). Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or glycated hemoglobin (A1C). In type 1 diabetes there is a lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an autoimmune induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes. Some people are genetically more at risk than others. Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur however, ketoacidosis is uncommon. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. Symptoms may also include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins and needles, and sores (wounds) that do not heal. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and unexplained weight loss. Type 2 diabetes ( T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Maintaining normal weight, exercising, healthy diet ĭietary changes, metformin, insulin, bariatric surgery Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, diabetic ketoacidosis, heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy, kidney failure, amputations Increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, increased hunger
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